Interconnects having sealing structures to enable selective metal capping layers

ABSTRACT

Methods of fabricating a capped interconnect for a microelectronic device which includes a sealing feature for any gaps between a capping layer and an interconnect and structures formed therefrom. The sealing features improve encapsulation of the interconnect, which substantially reduces or prevents electromigration and/or diffusion of conductive material from the capped interconnect.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/569,342, filed on Dec. 12, 2014, which is presently pending; which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 8,928,125 issued on Jan. 6, 2015, which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 8,058,710, issued on Nov. 15, 2011; which is a divisional of U.S. Pat. No. 7,402,519, issued on Jul. 22, 2008, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

An embodiment of the present invention relates to microelectronic device fabrication. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to methods of fabricating interconnects with capping layers that include sealing structures to improved encapsulation of the interconnects.

BACKGROUND

The microelectronic device industry continues to see tremendous advances in technologies that permit increased integrated circuit density and complexity, and equally dramatic decreases in package size. Present semiconductor technology now permits single-chip microprocessors with many millions of transistors, operating at speeds of tens (or even hundreds) of MIPS (millions of instructions per second), to be packaged in relatively small, air-cooled microelectronic device packages. These transistors are generally connected to one another and/or to devices external to the microelectronic device by conductive traces and vias (hereinafter collectively referred to “interconnects”) through which electronic signals are sent and/or received.

One process used to form interconnects is known as a “damascene process”. In a typical damascene process, as shown in FIG. 17, a photoresist material 202 is patterned on a first dielectric material layer 204, which is etched through the photoresist material 202 patterning to form a hole or trench 206 extending to at least partially through the first dielectric material layer 204, as shown in FIG. 18. The photoresist material 202 is then removed (typically by an oxygen plasma) and a barrier layer 208 is deposited within the hole or trench 206 on sidewalls 210 and a bottom surface 212 thereof to prevent conductive material (particularly copper and copper-containing alloys), which will be subsequently deposited into the hole or trench 206, from migrating into the first dielectric material layer 204, as shown in FIG. 19. The migration of the conductive material can adversely affect the quality of microelectronic device, such as leakage current and reliability between the interconnects, as will be understood to those skilled in the art. The barrier layer 208 used for copper-containing conductive materials are usually nitrogen-containing materials, including, but not limited to tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, and ruthenium. The deposition of the barrier layer 208 usually results in a portion of the barrier layer 208 extending on a first surface 214 of the first dielectric material layer 204.

As shown in FIG. 20, a seed material 216 may be deposited on the barrier layer 208. The hole or trench 206 is then filled, usually by an electroplating process, with the conductive material (e.g., such as copper and alloys thereof), as shown in FIG. 21, to form a conductive material layer 218. Like the barrier layer 208, excess conductive material may form proximate the first dielectric material layer first surface 214. The resulting structure is planarized, usually by a technique called chemical mechanical polish (CMP), which removes the portion conductive material layer 218 and barrier layer 208 that is not within the hole or trench 206 (see FIG. 19) from the surface first dielectric material first surface 214, to form the interconnect 222, as shown in FIG. 22.

As shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, the interconnect 222 is then capped with a capping layer 224 including, but not limited to, cobalt and alloys thereof. The capping layer 224 may be formed by any method known in the art, including plating techniques. The capping layer 224 prevents the electromigration and/or diffusion of the conductive material of the interconnect 222 into a subsequently deposited second dielectric material layer (not shown), which is deposited over the first dielectric material layer 204 and capping layer 224.

A selective deposition process, such as electroless plating, is a standard industry approach for forming the capping layer 224 due to its process simplicity. However, one of the challenges of selective processes is their sensitivity to surface contamination, oxidation, and/or poor deposition (particularly with copper interconnects), which results in process marginality. Furthermore, current interconnect structures may not provide sufficient encapsulation of the conductive material of the interconnects. For example, referring to back to FIGS. 23 and 24, the area of confluence 230 of the capping layer 224 and the barrier layer 208 (shown within the dashed circle) can provide insufficient coverage to prevent the conductive material of the interconnect 222 from electromigrating and/or diffusing into surrounding dielectric and devices through the gap between the capping layer 224 and the barrier layer 208.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming that which is regarded as the present invention, the advantages of this invention can be more readily ascertained from the following description of the invention when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIGS. 1-8 illustrate a side cross-sectional views of an embodiment of a method of fabricating a capped interconnect having a sealing layer structure, according to the present invention;

FIG. 9 illustrates a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a method of fabricating a capped interconnect having sealing spacers, according to the present invention;

FIGS. 10-13 illustrate side cross-sectional views of a still another embodiment of a method of fabricating a capped interconnect having a metal oxide sealing structure, according to the present invention;

FIGS. 14-16 illustrate side cross-sectional views of yet another embodiment of a method of fabricating a capped interconnect having a silicon nitride sealing structure, according to the present invention;

FIGS. 17-23 illustrate cross-sectional views of a method of fabricating a capped interconnect, as known in the art; and

FIG. 24 illustrates a cross-sectional SEM of the confluence area shown in FIG. 23, as known in the art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It is to be understood that the various embodiments of the invention, although different, are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described herein, in connection with one embodiment, may be implemented within other embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, it is to be understood that the location or arrangement of individual elements within each disclosed embodiment may be modified without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims, appropriately interpreted, along with the full range of equivalents to which the claims are entitled. In the drawings, like numerals refer to the same or similar functionality throughout the several views.

An embodiment of the present invention relates to the fabrication of a capped interconnect for a microelectronic device which includes a sealing feature for any gaps between a capping layer and an interconnect. The sealing feature improves encapsulation of the interconnect to substantially reduce or prevent electromigration and/or diffusion of conductive material from the capped interconnect.

One embodiment of a process used to form a capped interconnect, according to the present invention, comprises patterning a photoresist material 102, as known in the art, on a dielectric material layer 104, as shown in FIG. 1. The dielectric material layer 104 may include, but is not limited to, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, carbon doped oxide, fluorine doped oxide, porous dielectrics, and the like. The dielectric material layer 104 is etched through the photoresist material 102 patterning to form a hole or trench 106 (hereinafter referred to collectively as “opening 106”) extending to at least partially through the dielectric material layer 104, as shown in FIG. 2. The photoresist material 102 is then removed (typically by an oxygen plasma) and a barrier layer 108 may be deposited within the opening 106 on sidewalls 110 and a bottom surface 112 thereof to prevent conductive material (particularly copper and copper-containing alloys), which will be subsequently deposited into the opening 106 from migrating into the dielectric material layer 104, as shown in FIG. 3. The barrier layer 108 used for copper-containing conductive materials is usually a nitrogen-containing material, including, but not limited to titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, and ruthenium. A portion of the barrier layer 108 may also extend over and abut a first surface 114 of the dielectric material layer 104. It is, of course, understood that the opening 106 can be formed by any known technique beyond the lithography technique discussed above, including, but not limited to, ion milling and laser ablation.

As shown in FIG. 4, a seed material 116 may be deposited on the barrier layer 108 by any method known in the art. The seed material 116 may include copper, ruthenium, and the like. It is, of course, understood that the seed material 116 may not be necessary if the barrier layer 108 can act as a seed material, such as ruthenium. The opening 106 is then filled with the conductive material, such as copper, aluminum, alloys thereof, and the like, as shown in FIG. 5, to form a conductive material layer 118. The conductive material layer 118 may be formed by any known process, including but not limited to electroplating, deposition, and the like.

As previously discussed with regard to the barrier layer 108, excess conductive material layer 122 (e.g., any conductive material not within the opening 106) of the conductive material layer 118 may form proximate the dielectric material layer first surface 114 (see FIG. 5). The resulting structure is planarized, usually by a technique called chemical mechanical polish (CMP), which removes the excess conductive material layer 122 and the portion of the barrier layer 108 that is not within the opening 106 (see FIG. 4) from the dielectric material layer first surface 114, to form an interconnect 126 comprising the remaining conductive material and the barrier layer (if present), as shown in FIG. 6.

As shown in FIG. 7, the interconnect 126 is then capped with a capping layer 128 including, but not limited to, refractory metals, such as cobalt and alloys thereof. Thus, a capped interconnect 132, comprising the barrier layer 108, the interconnect 126, and the capping layer 128, is formed. The capping layer 128 may be formed by any method known in the art, including plating and lithographic techniques. However, as previously discussed, opening, gaps or pinholes 134 (hereinafter “gaps”) may form in corners 136 between the capping layer 128 and the interconnect 126. In order to prevent out-diffusion and/or electromigration of the conductive material of the interconnect 126, a sealing structure is used to cap the gaps 134.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8, a sealing layer 142 is deposited over the capping layer 128, the gaps 134, any exposed portions of the barrier layer 108, and dielectric material layer first surface 114. The sealing layer 142 may be made of any appropriate material, including, but not limited to, silicon nitride and nitrogen-doped carbide deposited by any know method, including but not limited to, low pressure physical vapor deposition at about 400 degrees Celsius.

The sealing layer 142 embodiment shown in FIG. 8 may cause some high capacitance impacts due to its non-selective nature, as will be understood to those skilled in the art. Thus, in yet another embodiment, a portion of the sealing layer 142 may be removed to leave sealing spacers 144 in the corners 136 abutting an edge 130 (substantially perpendicular to the dielectric material first surface 114) of the capping layer 128 and the barrier layer 108 and/or the dielectric material layer first surface 114, as shown in FIG. 9. The formation of the sealing spacers 144 can be achieved by timed, dry anisotropic etching of the sealing layer 142 (shown in FIG. 8), which removes a portion of the sealing layer 142 from the dielectric material layer first surface 114 and the capping layer 128. However, due to the corner step between sealing layer 142 and the gaps 134, the sealing spacers 144 will form (similar to the formation of a MOS spacer). Any appropriate etched process may be used, such a dry etch process using CO+O₂+CH₃F (ethyl fluoride).

In yet another embodiment, from FIG. 6, a doped region 152 may be formed, such as by alloying seed, co-plating, or the like, in the interconnect 126 proximate a first surface 150 thereof, as shown in FIG. 10. The material used to dope/form the doped region 152 may be a readily oxidizable material, such as aluminum, tin, or the like, which can form very stable and hermetic oxide compounds. In one embodiment, the formation process is kept at a lower temperature and/or to a short process duration to avoid any surface segregation of the doped region 152 from the interconnect 126. As will be understood to those skilled in the art, exposure to oxygen rich environment should be substantially eliminated before forming the doped region 152, if surface segregation does occur.

As shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, once the doped region 152 is formed in the interconnect 126, the capping layer 128 is formed, as discussed above. An anneal step, in either a forming gas or a nitrogen gas atmosphere, may be performed to promote diffusion of oxidizable metal of doped region 152 into the conductive material of the interconnect 126 where gaps 134 exist, as shown in FIG. 13. The doped region 152 is exposed to air or an oxygen gas rich environment, wherein the doping material in the doped region 152 can migrate to areas of such exposure, such that an oxide layer forms from the doped region 152 (such as aluminum oxide or tin oxide) to form a self-passivating oxide layer 154 (self-limiting oxidation process) on top of the gaps 134 or any other defects/pin holes exposing the interconnect 126. The self-passivating oxide layer 154 becomes a hermetic barrier for the conductive material of the interconnect 126. Forming the self-passivating oxide layer 154 after the formation of the capping layer 128 is desired to ensure minimum impact on the deposition of the capping layer 128 and alloying the conductive material of the interconnect 126, which will degrade the line resistance of the interconnect 126, as will be understood to those skilled in the art. With this process, there are no negative capacitance impacts, as there is no self-passivation oxide layer 154 formation on a dielectric material layer 104 between adjacent interconnects (not shown).

In still another embodiment, a silicon nitride layer is formed on the exposed conductive material of the interconnect 126 by a preferential chemical reaction. In one example, the structure of FIG. 14 is exposed to silane at a low temperature, preferably less than about 400 degrees Celsius to form a first salicide layer 162 from the exposed conductive material of the interconnect 126, as shown in FIG. 15. A second salicide layer 164 may also form from the exposed surface 166 of the capping layer 128. If the second salicide layer 164 forms it will do so at a different rate than the first salicide layer 162. However, this is not critical as long as the capping layer 128 is not fully consumed by the process. Additionally, there may be adverse consequences to line resistance due to the silicon incorporation into the interconnect 126 from the silane process. Therefore, the metal salicide layer should be formed at low temperatures, so that silicon diffusion into the interconnect will be minimized.

In one embodiment, the silane formation can proceed by the following reaction (unbalanced), wherein the interconnect 126 comprises copper:

SiH₄+Cu→CuSi_(x)+H₂⋄+Si

The structure of FIG. 15 is then exposed to an ammonia source, such as an ammonia plasma, preferably at a temperature of less than about 400 degrees Celsius. The various techniques of striking and forming an ammonia plasma is well-known in the art. The exposure to an ammonia plasma converts at least a portion of the first salicide layer 162 and, if present, at least a portion of the second salicide layer 164 into a silicon nitride layer 168. Thus, the silicon nitride layer 168 is essentially formed from the conductive material, i.e., the depletion and conversion thereof. The preferential chemical reaction disclosed following the formation of the capping layer avoids the interaction with capping layer formation process with little capacitance impacts. However, the tradeoff is a slightly more complicated process sequence than the other embodiments disclosed.

In one embodiment, the silicon nitride layer formation can proceed by the following reactions (unbalanced), wherein the first salicide layer 162 comprises copper salicide:

CuSi_(x)+NH_(3(plasma))→SiNH_(x)+Cu+Si

and

Si+NH₃→SiNH_(x)

Having thus described in detail embodiments of the present invention, it is understood that the invention defined by the appended claims is not to be limited by particular details set forth in the above description, as many apparent variations thereof are possible without departing from the spirit or scope thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: an interconnect including a conductive material extending into a dielectric material layer; a capping layer including at least one of a refractory metal layer and a refractory metal alloy layer to cap a first portion of a surface of the interconnect; and a sealing structure including a silicon nitride layer adapted to cover the capping layer and a second portion of the surface including at least one gap of conductive material of the interconnect between the capping layer and the dielectric layer.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second portion of the surface including at least gap of conductive material of the interconnect is not capped by the capping layer.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the silicon nitride layer that is adapted to cover the second portion of the surface is formed in the interconnect proximate at least one gap exposing the interconnect.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the silicon nitride layer that is adapted to cover the capping layer covers an upper surface and sidewalls of the capping layer.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conductive material of the interconnect comprises a copper layer.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the capping layer including at least one of a refractory metal layer and a refractory metal alloy layer comprises at least one of a cobalt layer and a cobalt alloy layer.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealing structure includes a first salicide layer that is formed by exposing the second portion of the surface including at least one gap of conductive material of the interconnect to silane to form the first salicide layer.
 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first salicide layer is positioned between the second portion of the surface of the interconnect and the silicon nitride layer that covers the second portion of the surface of the interconnect.
 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sealing structure includes a second salicide layer that is formed by exposing an exposed surface of the capping layer to silane to form the second salicide layer
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the second salicide layer is positioned between an upper surface of the capping layer and the silicon nitride layer that covers the capping layer.
 11. An interconnect structure comprising: an interconnect including a conductive material extending into a dielectric material layer; a barrier layer located between the dielectric material layer and the interconnect conductive material; a capping layer to cap a first portion of a surface of the interconnect conductive material; and a structure including a silicon nitride layer adapted to cover the capping layer and a second portion of the surface including at least one gap of the interconnect conductive material between the capping layer and the dielectric layer.
 12. The interconnect structure of claim 11, wherein the second portion of the surface including at least gap of the interconnect conductive material is not capped by the capping layer.
 13. The interconnect structure of claim 11, wherein the silicon nitride layer that is adapted to cover the second portion of the surface is formed in the interconnect proximate at least one gap exposing the interconnect.
 14. The interconnect structure of claim 11, wherein the silicon nitride layer that is adapted to cover the capping layer covers an upper surface and sidewalls of the capping layer.
 15. The interconnect structure of claim 11, wherein the interconnect conductive material comprises a copper-containing material.
 16. The interconnect structure of claim 11, wherein the capping layer comprises at least one of a refractory metal layer and a refractory metal alloy layer.
 17. The interconnect structure of claim 11, wherein the structure includes a first salicide layer and a second silicide layer.
 18. A capped interconnect comprising: a dielectric material layer having an opening; a barrier layer disposed on a lower surface and sidewalls of the opening of the dielectric layer; an interconnect including a conductive material extending into the opening of the dielectric material layer; a capping layer to cap a first portion of a surface of the interconnect conductive material; and a structure including a silicon nitride layer adapted to cover the capping layer and a second portion of the surface including at least one gap of the interconnect conductive material between the capping layer and the dielectric layer.
 19. The capped interconnect of claim 18, wherein the silicon nitride layer that is adapted to cover the second portion of the surface is formed in the interconnect proximate at least one gap exposing the interconnect.
 20. The interconnect structure of claim 18, wherein the silicon nitride layer that is adapted to cover the capping layer covers an upper surface and sidewalls of the capping layer. 